Write a clinical question using the PICO format. The acronym stands for population studied (P), intervention (I), comparison (C), and outcome (O). These are the key components of a

P-Patients undergoing childbirth

I – Undergoing childbirth within a professional nursing setting

C- Undergoing childbirth within the home

O- Infant mortality rates post birth

For patients undergoing childbirth (P), how does giving birth in a professional nursing setting (I) compare to giving birth in the home (C) in regards to infant mortality rates (O)?

The PICO pneumonic is a tool developed within nursing evidence-based practice pedagogy to assist in nursing research and exploration (Schiavenato & Chu, 2021). Evidence-based practice gained increasing popularity within the 20th century due to conflicting results obtained from similar research questions, indicating that more clarity and structure was needed within nursing and healthcare research (Schiavenato & Chu, 2021). According to Schiavenato and Chu (2021), evidence-based practice within nursing can be defined as “The conscientious, and judicious utilization of theory-derived, research-based information in making decisions about patient care delivery”. PICO is best applied to treatment questions which compare two choices which may prove to be a limitation in examining other significant nursing phenomena (Schiavenato & Chu, 2021). 

The PICO framework for classifying clinical questions was first proposed by Richardson and colleagues in 1995 to facilitate searching for a precise answer within healthcare research (Eriksen & Frandsen, 2018). The PICO question has facilitated meaningful research for previous nursing research projects that I have undertaken. Not only does the PICO question provide a means of structure for the investigation, it also seeks to encourage more exploration as we compare two various interventions and the subsequent outcomes obtained from both variables. Although there exists various other models for research and clinical questioning such as SPIDER which stands for sample, phenomenon of interest, design, evaluation, research type, PICO is by far the most widely utilized framework in clinical question development (Eriksen & Frandsen, 2018).

References:

Eriksen, M. B., & Frandsen, T. F. (2018). The impact of patient, intervention, comparison, outcomes (PICO) as a search strategy tool on literature search quality: A systematic review.  Journal of the Medical Library Association, 106(4), 420-431. https://doi.org/10.5195%2Fjmla.2018.345

Schiavenato, M. & Chu, F. (2021). PICO: What it is and what it is not.  Nurse Education in Practice, 56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103194

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